Scottish
- William Balfour Baikie (1824-1864)
- Explored the Niger River, opening it up for navigation
- James Bruce (1730-1794)
- First European to reach the source of the Blue Nile (1770)
- First European to follow the Nile downstream from its source to Cairo (1773)
- Alexander Burnes (1805-1841)
- Led an expedition across the Hindu Kush Range to Bokhara (1834)
- James Augustus Grant (1827-1892)
- With John Speke, explored the sources of the Nile (1860-1863)
- Alexander Gordon Laing (1793-1826)
- First European to reach Timbuktu, where he was killed
- David Livingstone (1813-1873)
- Reached Lake Ngami in Botswana (1849)
- Followed the Zambezi River to its mouth, seeing Victoria Falls on the way (1855)
- Went to East and Central Africa, reaching Lakes Shirwa and Malawi (1858-1864)
- Sought the source of the Nile, reaching Tanganyika (1871)
- George Strong Nares (1831-1915)
- Sailed on an expedition in the Canadian Arctic in search of John Franklin (1852)
- Discovered the Challenger Mountains (1876)
- Mungo Park (1771-1806)
- Traced the course of the Niger River (1795-1797)
- John Ross (1777-1856)
- Made voyages of Arctic exploration (1818; 1829-1833; 1850)
- John McDouall Stuart (1815-1866)
- Crossed the centre of Australia from Adelaide to the coast of Arnhem Land (1860)
