Astralagus
Botanical Names:
- Family Leguminosae
- Astragalus species
- A. membranaceus
- A. gummifer
- A. gracilis
- A. adsurgens var. robustior
Common Names:
- Tragacanth, Gum Dragon, Milk Vetch, Canada Milk Vetch, Membranous Milk Vetch, Slender Milk Vetch, Standing Milk Vetch, Astragali, Huang Qi (Chinese), Beg Kei, Bei Qi, Hwanggi.
Cautions
- Do not take in the presence of skin disorders.
- It should be used only under the guidance of a professional.
- It should not be used if taking anticoagulants, antiplatelets, or antithrombotic agents.
- Large quantities can cause insufficient fluid supply, leading to obstruction of the ileus and to esophageal closure.
- At least one species is edible -- the Ground Plum Milk Vetch A. crassicarpus), but many others contain toxic substances. These include A. racemonsus, A. bisulcatus, A. adsurgens, and A mollissimus. The related, and look-a-likes, Oxytropis lambertii and O. sericea, are poisonous, containing either toxic alkaloid substances or an accumulation of selenium or both. Poisonings by these plants have been known to make cattle and horses "loco", as well as suffering from other symptoms of selenium poisoning including lethargy, diarrhea, hair loss, breakage at the base of the hoof, excessive urination, difficulty breathing, rapid and weak pulse, and coma. Death results from heart and lung failure. Other species poison animals and produce such effects as lack of coordination, vision disturbances, trembling, listlisness, abortions, inability to eat or drink, and paralysis of the legs.
Description
There are now more than 2000 species worldwide, including some 400 in North America. A. australis is an endemic plant of the Olympic Mountains in the US state of Washington. However, the medicinal varieties are found only in central and western Asia, where it has been extensively tested, both chemically and pharmacologically.
The root readily pulls apart and shreds into a million smaller pieces rather like tissue paper. A yellow core in the center of the sweet-tasting black root is the medicinal substance. The roots are harvested in autumn from four-year-old plants in several Chinese provinces and shipped worldwide. The latex is extracted by making an incision in the trunk and branches of trees growing in the wild.
History
The yellow colour of the root contributes to the Chinese name, huang qi, meaning "yellow leader". It has been used in China for thousands of years to strengthen qi (pronounced "chee"), the body's life force and protective energy. In Western terminology, this means to strengthen the immune system.
Folk medicine in Europe and Arabia have used the herb for treating tumors of the eyes, liver, and throat.
Tragacanth is the latex that exudes from under the bark and is extracted by making an incision in the trunk and branches. When it dries, it forms flakes that swell in water to form a gelatinous mass used in various treatments, including that of constipation.
European botanists first wrote about its medicinal qualities in the 1700s.
Some of the poisonous species are referred to as Poison Milk Vetch or Loco Weed.
Some of the Native American names came about as a reference to its seeds which rattle in the pods when dried.
A tea of the root was used by the Dakota tribes as a febrifuge for children. The Lakotas pulverized the roots and chewed it for chest and back pains and to relieve coughing. Also, a vapour was inhaled to treat a child's aching chest. The roots were chewed and applied to cuts before they were bandaged. When combined with the roots of wild licorice, it arrested the spitting of blood. Lakota women who had little or no breast milk, chewed the roots to promote milk production. The Cheyenne used one species for cases of poison ivy or dermatitis. They also ground the leaves and stems and sprinkled the powder on weepy, inflamed, skin conditions.
When the explorer John Bradbury visited the Arikara village along the Missouri River in 1809, he was shown two new species of Astralagus, that were unknown to him, by the local medicine man.
Key Actions
- adaptogenic
- antiviral
- antioxidant
- cardiovascular toner
- diuretic
- immune stimulant
- laxative
- liver protector
- strengthens gastrointestinal tract
- tonic
- vasodilator
Key Components
- asparagine
- calcyosin
- formononetin
- astragalosides
- kumatakenin
- sterols
Medicinal Parts
- Root, gum-like exudate
- It contains numerous active compounds which bolster immunity.
- The polysaccharides seem to stimulate white blood cell production and spurs the activity of killer T cells, increasing the number of cells and the aggressiveness of their activity. Increased macrophage activity has been measured as lasting up to seventy-two hours.
- It also increases production of interferon, a natural protein that stimulates production of other proteins that help prevent and fight viral infections.
- It increases the number of stem cells in the marrow and lymph tissues, stimulates their maturation into active immune cells, increases spleen activity, increases the release of antibodies, and boosts the production of hormonal messenger molecules that signal for virus destruction.
- Studies at the University of Texas Medical Center found that astragalus was able to restore completely the function of cancer patients compromised immune cells.
- It protects the liver from a variety of liver toxins, including carbon tetrachloride and the anticancer compound stilbenemide.
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid extracts have been found to kill bacteria and lower blood sugar and blood pressure levels.
- Chinese experiments indicated that the herb was able to protect against the absorption of toxic chemicals into the liver.
- Studies have shown that patients given the herb suffered less angina and had a greater improvement in the EKGs and other measurements than patients given such standard heart drugs as nifedipine. Chinese researchers report that the herb improves funtion of the heart's left ventricle after a heart attack, which they theorize may derive from the herb's antioxidant effects. Other Chinese researchers found heart-protective effects in people with Coxsackie B virus which can cause viral myocarditis.
Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Proteus mirabilis.
Traditional Uses
By encouraging blood flow to the surface, the herb is effective in controlling night sweats, relieving fluid retention, and reducing thirstiness.
It is used to treat prolapsed organs and is beneficial in uterine bleeding.
In Chinese medicine, the herb has been used alone, or in combination with other herbs, to treat liver fibrosis, acute viral myocarditis and other viral infections, heart failure, and small cell lung cancer, liver and kidney diseases, and amenorrhea.
Taken internally, it is commonly used to strengthen the immune system, especially in such immuno-compromised individuals as those with HIV or during chemotherapy.
Infusions are used to ward off or help treat colds and other infections, to improve heart function especially after a heart attack, to improve memory and learning, to temporarily increase urinary output, and to promote the healing of burns and skin sores.
A decoction of the root in combination with Chinese angelica is used to treat anemia but when combined with cinnamon, it is used to treat cold and numbness.
When the root is dry-fried alone or with honey added, it is used as a stimulating tonic and eaten with meals.
Asragalus boosts the spleen when symptoms indicate that it is not functioning as it should. These symptoms include chronic fatigue, diarrhea, and a loss of appetite.
The herb is also used to treat anorexia, arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, malaria, kidney inflammations, painful urination, prolapsed uterus, uterine bleeding or weakness, edema, water retention, skin ulcers that will not heal, fever, lack of stamina, and generalized weakness.
Tinctures are often used for night sweats.
