Manganese
MANGANESE was first recognized as a metallic element in 1774. The name derived from a corrupted form of the Latin magnesia, a type of magnetic stone. In 1931, manganese was declared a dietary essential for the growth of rats and, later, of other animals. Eventually, it was concluded that it must also be an essential element for man, even though no deficiency symptoms had been positively identified. In animals, a deficiency causes reproductive failure but, to date, no similar link has been found with humans.
Concentrations of manganese are found in the mitrochondria of the pituitary, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and bone and is deemed essential for the synthesis of a number of enzymes. Manganese has the unusual ability of being able to substitute for magnesium in many biochemical processes. It is involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine and is used in the treatment of neuologic disorders. It also appears to be instrumental in the development of normal bone structure, particularly the growth at the ends of bones where new formation takes place. In addition, some nutritionists have noted a relationship between a deficiency in manganese and that of ear noises and diminished hearing.
There are no known cases of toxicity, except in the event that workers become exposed to high concentrations of its dust or fumes. High dietary intake appears to have no toxic effects.
Names include: Mn and element 25.
Deficiency symptoms include: retarded growth, decreased reproductive ability, deterioration of glucose tolerance, decreased blood clotting, bone deformities, decreased weight, skin inflammations, nausea, slow hair growth, changes in hair color, decreased blood cholesterol, decreased muscle coordination, dizziness, ear noises, and decreased hearing.
Toxicity symptoms include: tremors, decreased mobility, muscle stiffness, decreased facial expression, weakness, and decreased iron utilization.
Helpers include: Vitamins B complex, E, calcium, phosphorus. There are no known inhibitors.
