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- Ferrari (Ludovico Ferraro) (1522-1565)
- Born in Italy.
- He created the solution of a biquadratic equation.
- Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665)
- Born in France.
- He created his analytic geometry independent of René Descartes, but Descartes was first to publish his discovery.
- He laid the foundation for Pascal's work on the theory of probability.
- He performed much work on the development of differential calculus.
- He put forth a theorem that expressed a perfect square as the sum of two other perfect squares; but it is impossible to divide a cube into two cubes, or any power beyond a square into two like powers.
- Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci (ca. 1170 - ca. 1250)
- Born in Italy.
- He is credited with introducing the Hindu-Arabic numbering system into western Europe.
- His writings laid the foundation for the development of number theory.
- He developed his sequence, a series of numbers used to solve a riddle about the reproduction of rabbits.
- Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
- Born in France.
- He laid the groundwork for the development of dimensional analysis and linear programming.
- He investigated probability theory and the theory of errors.
Eric Ivan Fredholm (1866-1927)
- Born in Sweden.
- He founded the modern theory of integral equations.
- He later discovered the algebraic analogue to his theory.
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlieb Frege (1848-1925)
- Born in Germany.
- He was the founder of modern mathematical logic.
- He He created the current standard symbols for or and if ... then.
