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- John Napier (1550-1617)
- He and Henry Briggs jointly introduced, perfected, and exploited the concept of the logarithm.
- He found mechanical ways for calculating the product of two numbers and the quotient of one number by another.
- He found means by which square roots and cube roots can be extracted.
- In spherical trigonometry, he discovered formulae known as Napier's analogies.
- Isaac Newton (1642-1726)
- He formulated the binomial theorem.
- He developed the approximation for pi.
